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Chemistry Articles

Metallic Bond

Pre-requisite: Nuclear charge, Valence electrons

Stovetop cooking routinely requires cast iron or aluminium pans but never a glass pan or a pan made of silicon. That’s because the glass pan will shatter at high temperatures, and the silicon pan will burn away.

Hydrogen Bonding

The bonding interactions between atoms form various ionic, polar, and nonpolar covalent molecules.

The polar and nonpolar covalent molecules can electrostatically interact with each other without forming any new bonds. These non-bonding interactions are called Vander Waals that control many physical, chemical, and biological properties of shape, nature, reactivity, etc.

bonding versus non-bonding molecular interactions

Nucleophile in Chemistry

Humans engage in welfare activities with the aim of improving the well-being of others, tackling inequality, and creating stronger bonds. This same principle can also be observed in organic chemistry. Some species are rich in electrons, and they help their electron-deprived counterparts by donating their electron richness and balancing out their electron imbalance. This act results in the formation of new bonds between the electron-rich and electron-deficient species.

Lone Pair in Chemistry

What is a Lone Pair?

Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in any bond-formation reaction. Since they refuse to bond with the other atoms, they are also called the non-bonding electrons. While drawing the molecules’ structure, the lone pair electrons on shown as dots (..) above the atom.

Types of Arrows used in Chemistry

Different arrow notations are frequently encountered in Chemistry, mainly Organic Chemistry. Each one has a specific purpose and cannot be used interchangeably.

A few of the most common ones are:

a) Chemical Reaction Arrow

The conversion of a reactant to a product is commonly shown with a chemical reaction arrow. Most of the fundamental reactions in chemistry (addition, substitution, displacement, decomposition, etc.) are expressed in a chemical equation using this reaction arrow.

Introduction to the Vander Waals Forces (Chemistry)- With Examples

Attractive forces bring the atoms, molecules, and ions close. If their interactions are strong, they can form bonds like ionic and covalent. However, if the attractive force is weak, in that case, the molecules or atoms group closely without forming any bonds or linkages. Such a weak intermolecular attraction is said to occur by the van der Waals force.

What is Van Der Waal's Interaction/force

sp3 hybridization of Carbon

Pre-requisite Reading- Valency of Elements, Modern Electronic configuration, atomic orbitals, Concept of Hybridization 

sp3 hybridization of Carbon

The three common hybridization states are - sp3, sp2, and sp. The sp3 (pronunciation: ess-pee-three) hybridization of Carbon explains its four bonds’ tetravalency, shape, and equivalency. 

How to represent molecules using Lewis dot structures? (With Examples)

The Lewis dot structures are used to show the shared electron pairs between the bonded atoms in the molecule and the lone pairs of electrons if any. The representative structures follow the octet rule wherein the atoms combine by either transfer of electrons (loss or gain) or by sharing of valence electrons in a way that the valence shell of the atoms attains the octet configuration.

The electrons involved are shown as dots. A single bond is made up of two electrons, a double four and a triple bond six. Similarly, an atom can have one, two or three lone pairs of electrons.