Definition of Proton
A proton is one of the subatomic particles found in every atom’s nucleus, denoted as p or p+.
A proton has a positive charge of +1 and a mass of 1 AMU.
A proton is one of the subatomic particles found in every atom’s nucleus, denoted as p or p+.
A proton has a positive charge of +1 and a mass of 1 AMU.
An electron is a negatively charged elementary particle that constitutes an atom, denoted as e- or β-. The electrons are present in the outer-nuclear region of an atom as clouds.
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that accept electrons from other electron-rich counterparts, the nucleophiles, to form a two-electron covalent bond.
A metallic solid is made of many metal atoms composed of kernels and electrons, the positive kernels held in arrays while the negative electrons float around them, at the same time, attracted to each other due to their opposite electrostatic nature and engaged in bonding known as the metallic bond.
Electronegativity measures on a scale of 0.8 – 4 an atom’s or group of atoms’ tendency to attract the bond electron pair towards itself, thereby creating partial negative (δ-) and positive (δ+) terminals.
An atom or group of atoms that can pull the bond electrons towards itself or push the bond electrons from itself and decreasingly transmit the effect along the sigma (σ) bonds of the carbon chain inducing permanent polarization in the molecule. Such an effect is called the Inductive effect.
Resonance theory explain various observed properties in a molecule using electron delocalization and multiple Lewis structures since a single Lewis structure can only describe one but not all its properties.
Hydrogen bonding is an attractive intermolecular interaction stronger than Vander Waals forces that exclusively occurs when the Hydrogen atom is sandwiched between two highly electronegative atoms N, O, or F, one to which it is covalently bonded and the other it attracts electrostatically.
Nucleophiles are an atom or a group of atoms that are richer by two electrons and donate these electrons to electron-deficient species, the electrophiles.
Donating the electrons from the nucleophile to the electrophile creates a new two-electron covalent bond.
Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in a covalent bond formation reaction; therefore, they are also called the non-bonding electrons.
While drawing the molecules’ structure, the lone pair electrons on shown as dots (..) above the atom.