A type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction to introduce an acyl group (R-C=O) in the aromatic ring resulting in aryl ketones (Ar-COR). The reacting species are usually but not always -benzene (substituted or unsubstituted), an acyl halide and a Lewis Acid catalyst like AlCl3.
Definition- Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction
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What is Organic Chemistry?
- Introduction
- Elements of a Chemical Reaction
- Components of a Chemical Reaction
Atom
- Size of an atom- The world belongs to the tiniest!
- Power of Protons
- Mass Number
- Average Atomic Mass
- Molecule and Molecular Mass
- The Electrons- An Atom’s Reactive Component
- Atomic Orbitals- s, p, d, f
- Filing of Atomic Orbitals and Writing Electronic Configuration
- Valence and Core Electrons- How to Determine
Bonding In Atoms
- Octet Rule- Introduction and Bonding
- Limitations of Octet Rule
- Ionic Bond- Introduction and Formation
- Formation of Ionic Compound
- Requirements for Ionic Bonding
- Appearance and Nature of Ionic Compounds
- Physical Properties of Ionic Solids- Conductance, Solubility, Melting Point, and Boiling Point
- Covalent Bond - How it Forms
- Covalent Bond - Why it Forms?
- Covalent Bond- Bond Pair (Single, Double, Triple) and Lone Pair
- Number of Covalent Bonds- Valency
- Types of Covalent Bonds- Polar and Nonpolar
- Metallic Bonds- Introduction and Nature
- Significance of Metallic Bonding
- Impact of Metallic Bonding on the Physical Properties
- Applications of Metallic Bonding
- Difference Between Metallic and Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
- Theories on Covalent Bond Formation
- Valence Bond Theory- Introduction and Covalent Bond Formation
- Valence Bond Theory- Types of Orbital Overlap Forming Covalent Bonds
- Applications, Limitations, and Extensions of Valence Bond Theory
- Hybridization- Introduction and Types
- sp3 Hybridization of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
- sp2 Hybridization of Carbon, Carbocation, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
- sp Hybridization of Carbon and Nitrogen
- Shortcut to Determine Hybridization
- VSEPR Theory- Introduction
- Difference between Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure
- Finding Electron Pair Geometry and Related Shape
- Predicting Electron-Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure Guideline
- Predicting Electron pair geometry and Molecular structure - Examples
- Finding Electron-Pair Geometry and Shape in Multicentre Molecules
- Drawbacks of VSEPR Theory
- Covalent bond Characteristics- Bond length
- Factors affecting Bond Length
- How does Electron delocalization (Resonance) affect the Bond length?
- Covalent bond Characteristics- Bond Angle
- Factors affecting Bond Angle
- Covalent bond Characteristics- Bond Order
- How Bond Order Corresponds to the Bond Strength and Bond Length
- Solved Examples of Bond Order Calculations
- Covalent Bond Rotation
- Covalent Bond Breakage
- Covalent Bond Properties -Physical State, Melting and Boiling Points, Electrical Conductivity, Solubility, Isomerism, Non-ionic Reactions Rate, Crystal structure
Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond
- Electronegativity- Introduction
- Factors Affecting Electronegativity- Atomic number, Atomic size, Shielding effect
- Factors Affecting Electronegativity-s-orbitals, Oxidation state, Group electronegativity
- Application of Electronegativity in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Properties Affected by Electronegativity
- Inductive effect- Introduction, Types, Classification, and Representation
- Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Electronegativity
- Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Order and Charge
- Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Position
- Application of Inductive Effect- Acidity Enhancement and Stabilization of the counter ion due to -I effect
- Application of Inductive Effect-Basicity enhancement and stabilization of the counter ion due to +I effect
- Application of Inductive Effect-Stability of the Transition States
- Application of Inductive Effect-Elevated Physical Properties of Polar Compounds
- Is the Inductive Effect the same as Electronegativity?
- Resonance- Introduction and Electron Delocalization
- Partial Double Bond Character and Resonance Hybrid
- Resonance Energy
- Significance of Planarity and Conjugation in Resonance
- p-orbital Electron Delocalization in Resonance
- Sigma Electron Delocalization (Hyperconjugation)
- Significance of Hyperconjugation
- Resonance Effect and Types
- Structure Drawing Rules of Resonance (Includes Summary)
- Application of Resonance
- Introduction to Covalent Bond Polarity and Dipole Moment
- Molecular Dipole Moment
- Lone Pair in Molecular Dipole Moment
- Applications of Dipole Moment
- Formal Charges- Introduction and Basics
- How to Calculate Formal Charges (With Solved Examples)
- Difference between Formal charges and Oxidation State
Common Types of Reactions
- Classification of common reactions based on mechanisms
- Addition Reactions
- Elimination Reactions (E1, E2, E1cb)
- Substitutions (SN1, SN2, SNAr, Electrophilic, Nucleophilic)
- Decomposition
- Rearrangement
- Oxidation-Reduction
Drawing Organic Structures
- Introduction
- Kekulé
- Condensed
- Skeletal or Bond line
- Polygon formula
- Lewis Structures- What are Lewis structures and How to Draw
- Rules to Draw Lewis structures- With Solved Examples
- Lewis structures- Solved Examples, Neutral molecules, Anions, and Cations
- Limitation of Lewis structures
- 3D structure representation- Dash and Wedge line
- Molecular models for organic structure representation- Stick model, Ball-stick, and Space-filling
- Molecular Formula
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
- What are functional groups?
- Chemical and Physical Properties affected by the Functional Groups
- Identifying Functional Groups by name and structure
- Functional Group Categorization- Exclusively Carbon-containing Functional Groups
- Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Single Bond
- Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds
- Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of Polyfunctional Compounds
- Examples of polyfunctional compounds named according to the priority order
- Examples of reactions wherein the functional group undergoes transformations
Structural Isomerism
- Introduction
- Chain Isomerism
- Position Isomerism
- Functional Isomerism
- Tautomerism
- Metamerism
- Ring-Chain Isomerism
Intermolecular Forces
- Ion-Dipole Interactions-Introduction and Occurrence
- Factors Affecting the Ion-Dipole Strength
- Importance of Ion-Dipole Interactions
- Ion-Induced Dipole- Introduction, Strength and Occurrence
- Factors Affecting the Strength of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions
- Ion-Induce Dipole Interactions in Polar Molecules
- Vander Waals Forces -Introduction
- Examples of Vander Waals' forces
- Vander Waals Debye (Polar-Nonpolar) Interactions
- Factors affecting the Strength of Debye Forces
- Vander Waals Keesom Force- Introduction, Occurrence and Strength
- Vander Waals London Forces- Introduction, Occurrence, And Importance
- Factors Affecting the Strength of London Dispersion Forces- Atomic size and Shape
- Introduction, Occurrence and Donor, Acceptors of Hydrogen Bond
- Hydrogen bond Strength, Significance and Types
- Factors Affecting Hydrogen Bond Strength
- Impact of Hydrogen bonding on Physical Properties- Melting and boiling point, Solubility, and State
- Calculation of the Number of Hydrogen Bonds and Hydrogen bond Detection
Physical Properties
- Physical Properties- Introduction, Role of Intermolecular Forces
- Physical State Change-Melting Point
- Role of Symmetry, Role of Carbon numbers, Role of Geometry
- Physical State Change-Boiling Point
- Intermolecular Forces and their Effect on the Boiling Point, Role of Molecular Weight (Size), Molecular Shape, Polarity
- Boiling Point of Special Compounds- Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Fluoro compounds
- Solubility in Water
- Density
Fundamentals of Organic Reactions
- Types of Arrows Used in Chemistry
- Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry- with Examples
- Electrophiles- Introduction, Identification and Reaction
- Formation and Classification of Electrophiles- Neutral and Charged
- Difference between Electrophiles and Lewis Acids
- Nucleophile- Identification and Role in a Reaction
- Types of Nucleophiles- Lone Pair
- Types of Nucleophiles- Pie Bond
- Types of Nucleophiles- Sigma Bond
- Periodic Trend and Order in Nucleophilicity
- Introduction to Reactions Involving Nucleophiles
- Nucleophile Reactions- Aliphatic Displacement type - SN1, SN2
- Nucleophile Reactions- Acyl Displacement type
- Nucleophile reactions- Aromatic Displacement type- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic
- Addition Reactions- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and Acyl
- Ambident Nucleophiles- Introduction and Formation
- Ambident Nucleophile - Nature of the Substrate
- Ambident Nucleophile- Influence of the Positive Counter Ions
- Ambident Nucleophile- Effect of Solvent
- Lone Pair - Introduction and Formation
- Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Shape and Bond Angle
- Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Hydrogen Bonding
- Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Polarity and Dipole Moment
- Chemical property affected by the Lone pair- Nucleophilicity
- Leaving Group- Introduction and Nature
- Good and Bad Leaving Group
- Factors Determining Stability of the Leaving Groups- Electronegativity, Size, Resonance Stability
- Using pKa as a Measure of Leaving Group Ability
- Leaving Groups in Displacement Reactions
- Leaving Groups in Elimination Reactions
Reactive Intermediates
- Carbocation- Introduction, Nature, and Types
- Formation of Carbocation
- Stability of Carbocations- Inductive, Resonance, and Hyperconjugation
- Other Structural Features Increasing Carbocation Stability
- Structural Feature Decreasing Carbocation Stability
- Fate of the Carbocation
- General Carbocation Formation Reactions
- Carbanion- Introduction, Nature, and Types
- Formation of Carbanions
- Carbanion Stabilization
- Ease of Formation of Carbanion -Acidic proton
- Fate of the Carbanion
- Free Radical- Introduction and Types of Carbon-Centred Radicals
- Structure of Carbon-Centred Free Radical
- Formation of Radicals
- Stability of the Carbon-Centred Radicals
- Other Structural Feature Increasing Free Radical Stability
- Comparing Free Radical Stability using Dissociation energies (D-H)
- Fate of Free Radicals
- Common Reactions Involving Carbon-Free Radicals