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Lone Pair in Chemistry

What is a Lone Pair?

Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in any bond-formation reaction. Since they refuse to bond with the other atoms, they are also called the non-bonding electrons. While drawing the molecules’ structure, the lone pair electrons on shown as dots (..) above the atom.

Why Hydrogen bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole interactions?

Dipole-dipole interactions occur in polar molecules where the difference in electronegativity between the combining atoms creates positive and negative dipoles. These opposite poles align and result in electrostatic attraction throughout the polar medium. So, naturally, the strength of the interaction would depend on Coulomb’s law - the higher the magnitude of the charges and the lesser the distance between those charges, the stronger the dipole-dipole attractive interaction.